Nebo whose priests carried them in procession. YHWH alone acts as the creator who measures the cosmos in the hollow of his hand. The rhetorical questions build through 40:12-26, establishing YHWH's sovereignty over creation, over the nations (40:15-17: the nations are like a drop in the bucket; the coastlands are like fine dust on the scales), over the starry host (40:26: YHWH calls out the stars by name; not one is missing).
" The exiles in Babylon have drawn the wrong conclusion from their situation. Because they are captive, they have assumed that YHWH cannot see them, or does not care about their case. The rhetorical questions of 40:12-26 are the answer to that assumption: the God who measures the cosmos in the hollow of his hand, who calls the stars by name, who reduces the nations to fine dust on the scales — this God has not lost sight of Israel in Babylon.
This is the context where the al tira salvation oracle form is named for the first time as a structural genre marker for the entire section. Al tira means "do not fear" — the standard divine assurance formula in Deutero-Isaiah. " But the formula becomes a repeated structural marker across the entire section that follows: 41:10 ("Fear not, for I am with you"), 41:13 ("Fear not, I am the one who helps you"), 43:1 ("Fear not, for I have redeemed you"), 43:5 ("Fear not, for I am with you"), 44:2 ("Fear not, O Jacob my servant").
The al tira salvation oracle — YHWH's direct address to the community with the assurance formula "do not fear" — is the genre that structures Deutero-Isaiah as a whole. Isaiah 40 is where it begins. " The Hebrew verb translated "wait" or "hope" is qavah — to wait expectantly, with the sense of cord-like tension, of strain toward what is coming.
Those who qavah — who strain expectantly toward YHWH, who wait for his arrival as the new exodus herald is waiting for YHWH's march — those people will receive renewed strength. The exhausted exiles in Babylon are not asked to generate their own energy. They are asked to qavah, and the strength comes from outside them.